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A case study of ocean acidification and South Florida’s coral reefs.
Title
A case study of ocean acidification and South Florida’s coral reefs.
Name/Creator
Camden, Lauren
Abstract/Description
Levels of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide have been increasing dramatically in the atmosphere since the onset of the Industrial Revolution with a sharp escalation occurring due to anthropogenic causes such as the burning of fossil fuels. The ocean acts as a carbon sink for this atmospheric CO2, absorbing a large majority of it. This process causes a chemical reaction that has been increasing the acidity level of ocean water and progressively lowering the average pH value. When a carbon...
Show moreLevels of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide have been increasing dramatically in the atmosphere since the onset of the Industrial Revolution with a sharp escalation occurring due to anthropogenic causes such as the burning of fossil fuels. The ocean acts as a carbon sink for this atmospheric CO2, absorbing a large majority of it. This process causes a chemical reaction that has been increasing the acidity level of ocean water and progressively lowering the average pH value. When a carbon dioxide molecule is absorbed into sea water, two positively charged ions are produced. Because pH value is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in any given solution, these added hydrogen ions effectively lower the pH value of the ocean. Since these hydrogen ions are positively charged, they go on to interact with the negatively charged bases already present in the ocean. One of these bases is CaCO3, or the carbonate ion. Carbonate is essential to calcifying marine organisms, who use this ion to build and maintain their shells and skeletons. However, as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase and the resulting chemical reactions occur, the ocean’s carbonate saturation decreases. Coral is one such calcifying organism that essential to the aquatic ecosystem in a number of ways, most of which can be attributed to the fact that coral reefs are one of the planet’s most biodiverse ecosystems despite inhabiting only a very small portion of the ocean. Several studies have linked coral’s carbonate production to their ability to create functional skeletons. One such study was published by Kuffner et al in 2013 in the Florida Keys. Four sites ranging from Miami to the Dry Tortugas were selected, and two batches of forty Siderastrea siderea (massive starlet coral) each were selected for two experimental runs. At six-month intervals, these samples were analyzed to determine linear expansion rates and calcification levels. After analysis in both runs, a strong correlation between linear expansion rates and calcification levels was determined. Corals that experienced heightened calcification rates also experienced heightened linear expansion. This experiment solidified the negative affect ocean acidification will have in future years on coral reefs if left unacknowledged. Langdon et al also published an experiment done in the Florida Keys in 2013 that determined a relationship between increased atmospheric CO2 levels and decreased calcification rates of coral. Eleven samples of a combination of Siderastrea radians (shallow water starlet coral) and Solenastrea hyades (smooth star coral) were epoxied to cinderblocks with sensors recording environmental data at thirty-minute intervals. Random samples were incubated in tanks in situ and given a treatment regime designed to simulate increased ocean acidification conditions through chemical injections of NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) and HCl (hydrogen chloride). This treatment lowered pH value in the incubation chambers by 0.1 to 0.2 units. Calcification rates of the incubated coral samples were determined through statistical analysis. Coral samples that experienced a 0.1 unit drop in pH value experienced decreased calcification rates of 50% and coral samples that experiences a 0.2 unit drop in pH value experienced a decreased calcification rate of 52%. Both of these studies combined showcases the two-part threat ocean acidification is placing on coral reefs in the Florida Keys. As the average pH of ocean water drops, corals are unable to achieve net carbonate accretion and calcification rates drop. This causes corals to experience stunted linear expansion, density, rugosity, and reproduction rates. As coral population dwindles, Florida will experience several negative socio-economic impacts such as diminished coastal protection from storms, tourism, income and jobs created by fisheries, and medicinal opportunities as new life-saving medicines will no longer be able to be harvested from dying reefs. Mitigation and adaptation methods must include reducing other local stressors to coral.
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Date Issued
2020-06-15
Identifier
BC744
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC744
A college architect, Causeway Lumber president Gene Whiddon and Dr. Rushing discuss the president's office
Title
A college architect, Causeway Lumber president Gene Whiddon and Dr. Rushing discuss the president's office.
Name/Creator
Thuma, Cynthia
Abstract/Description
A college architect, Causeway Lumber president Gene Whiddon and Dr. Rushing discuss the president's office at the new Central Campus in Davie in November 1963. Whiddon, a supporter of the college from the start, provided paneling for the president's office. He later became the founding chairman of the Broward Community College Foundation.
Date Issued
1963
Identifier
BC283, 16A
Format
Image (JPEG2000)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC283
A College Student in the Morning
Title
A College Student in the Morning.
Name/Creator
Kenyon, Mel
Abstract/Description
Mary Carolyn Willis studies freshman subjects.
Date Issued
1961-05
Identifier
BC1202
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC1202
A Dunce Cap For Education
Title
A Dunce Cap For Education.
Name/Creator
Doran, Tom
Abstract/Description
School Board is in no hurry to select new BJC head.
Date Issued
1966-03-06
Identifier
BC2513
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC2513
A Fitting Ending After Missing Fitting
Title
A Fitting Ending After Missing Fitting.
Name/Creator
Gettemy, Gretchen, Weinlaub, Ralph
Abstract/Description
Lois Gebert forgot to get fitted for cap and gown and would only receive one if someone did not meet graduation requirements then she would be able to use theirs. She was worried but went to inquire on any extra cap and gowns and discovered there was one she could use.
Date Issued
1964-06-12
Identifier
BC1812
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC1812
A high school dropout, Gary Farmer came to realize the importance of higher education
Title
A high school dropout, Gary Farmer came to realize the importance of higher education.
Name/Creator
Thuma, Cynthia
Abstract/Description
A high school dropout, Gary Farmer came to realize the importance of higher education while serving in the Marines. After his discharge, he worked nights as a desk clerk and auditor at a beach motel to support his family while he attended classes at BCC. Today he serves as one of 12 appellate judges on Florida's Fourth District Court of Appeal in West Palm Beach.
Date Issued
1991
Identifier
BC451, 119A
Format
Image (JPEG2000)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC451
A Librarian's Dream Comes True for Him
Title
A Librarian's Dream Comes True for Him.
Name/Creator
Strickland, Ken, Hyde, Gene
Abstract/Description
Grady Drake is building a college library from scratch.
Date Issued
1960-06
Identifier
BC1022
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC1022
A literature review of ocean acidification’s effect on coral calcification rates and skeletal growth.
Title
A literature review of ocean acidification’s effect on coral calcification rates and skeletal growth.
Name/Creator
Camden, Lauren
Abstract/Description
Ocean acidification is one of many threats to marine life as a result of increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide being absorbed by ocean water. Anthropogenic levels of carbon dioxide have been rising dramatically in the atmosphere since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, with a sharp escalation occurring due to practices such as the burning of fossil fuels. The ocean acts as a carbon sink for atmospheric CO2, absorbing a large portion of it. This process causes a chemical...
Show moreOcean acidification is one of many threats to marine life as a result of increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide being absorbed by ocean water. Anthropogenic levels of carbon dioxide have been rising dramatically in the atmosphere since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, with a sharp escalation occurring due to practices such as the burning of fossil fuels. The ocean acts as a carbon sink for atmospheric CO2, absorbing a large portion of it. This process causes a chemical reaction that progressively lowers the average pH of oceans globally. When a carbon dioxide molecule is absorbed into sea water, two positively charged ions are produced. As pH value is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in any given solution, these added hydrogen ions effectively lower the pH of the ocean and causes it to be more acidic. Since these hydrogen ions are positively charged, they to interact with the negatively charged bases already present in the ocean. One of these bases is CaCO3, or the carbonate ion. Carbonate is essential to calcifying marine organisms, who use this ion to build and maintain their shells and skeletons. However, as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase and the resulting chemical reactions occur, the ocean’s carbonate saturation decreases. Coral is one such calcifying organism that essential to the aquatic ecosystem in a number of ways, most of which can be attributed to the fact that coral reefs are one of the planet’s most biodiverse ecosystems despite inhabiting only a very small portion of the ocean. With this process occurring at accumulative speeds, how will ocean acidification affect the calcification rates- and therefore the growth and development- of coral in the coming years worldwide? Several studies have confirmed the relationship between increased carbon dioxide levels and the resulting decreased calcification levels and structural deformities present in coral reefs. In 2005 Langdon et al published a study that tested coral calcification rates with varying rates of carbon dioxide saturation in ocean water. Specimens of Porites compressa (finger coral) and Montipora verucosa (rice coral) were collected off the coast of Hawaii and placed in an offshore experimental flume where a series of incubations were performed in Summer 1999 and Winter 2000. From August to September 1999, eighteen incubations were performed with ambient conditions and nine incubations were performed with pCO2 levels at 1.7 times what ambient conditions were. A second round of fifteen incubations were performed from January to February 2000. Six incubations were done at an ambient pCO2, two were done at 1.4 times, and six were done at 2.0 times ambient conditions. Calcification rates for all incubations were calculated through statistical analysis. As a result, calcification decreased 26%, 40%, and 80% respectively to increased pCO2. Another such study was conducted by Langdon et al again in 2013, this time in the Florida Bay. Samples of Siderastrea radians (shallow starlet coral) and Solenastrea hyades (smooth star coral) were collected near Peterson Key and attached to cinderblocks with sensors logging environmental data such as pH and temperature at thirty-minute intervals. A random subset of these corals was incubated in situ and given a treatment regime designed to simulate increased ocean acidification conditions. This treatment lowered pH value in the incubation chambers by 0.1 to 0.2 units. Calcification rates of the incubated coral samples were determined through statistical analysis. Coral samples that experienced a 0.1 unit drop in pH value experienced decreased calcification rates of 50% and coral samples that experiences a 0.2 unit drop in pH value experienced a decreased calcification rate of 52%. These studies both exemplified the strong correlation that exists between pCO2 present, increased acidity in ocean water, and decreased calcification rates of coral. In 2016, Foster et al published a study that demonstrated the structural deformities coral experience as a result of this calcification reduct.
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Date Issued
2020-06-15
Identifier
BC742
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC742
A Look At Higher Education
Title
A Look At Higher Education.
Name/Creator
Bates, Bill
Date Issued
1963-10-24
Identifier
BC1735
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC1735
A Midsummer Night's Dream First In Series
Title
A Midsummer Night's Dream First In Series.
Date Issued
1962-02-18
Identifier
BC1374
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC1374
A system of junior colleges serving African-American students was established by the state in 1949
Title
A system of junior colleges serving African-American students was established by the state in 1949.
Name/Creator
Thuma, Cynthia
Abstract/Description
A system of junior colleges serving African-American students was established by the state in 1949. In Broward County, JCBC offered courses for its African-American students at a branch campus of Dillard High School, which opened in August of 1961. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated desegregation of all publicly supported educational institutions. By the 1966-1967 school year, the "Magnificent 12" black junior colleges in Florida had ceased operations or had folded into formerly all-white...
Show moreA system of junior colleges serving African-American students was established by the state in 1949. In Broward County, JCBC offered courses for its African-American students at a branch campus of Dillard High School, which opened in August of 1961. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandated desegregation of all publicly supported educational institutions. By the 1966-1967 school year, the "Magnificent 12" black junior colleges in Florida had ceased operations or had folded into formerly all-white junior colleges.
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Date Issued
1966
Identifier
BC306, 29B
Format
Image (JPEG2000)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC306
A World Of Art And Test Tubes
Title
A World Of Art And Test Tubes.
Name/Creator
Rogers, Wendy, Hanrahan, Helen
Date Issued
1965-11-16
Identifier
BC2272
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC2272
AAUW Slates Panel
Title
AAUW Slates Panel.
Date Issued
1962
Identifier
BC1563
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC1563
Academic Research Showcase. Proposal.
Title
Academic Research Showcase. Proposal.
Name/Creator
Jones, Billy P.
Date Issued
2018-02-23
Identifier
BC658
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC658
Academic Research Showcase. Results.
Title
Academic Research Showcase. Results.
Name/Creator
Jones, Billy P.
Date Issued
2018-08-16
Identifier
BC683
Format
Document (PDF)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC683
Acclaimed artist Dorothy Gillespie receives a bouquet
Title
Acclaimed artist Dorothy Gillespie receives a bouquet.
Name/Creator
Thuma, Cynthia
Abstract/Description
Acclaimed artist Dorothy Gillespie receives a bouquet of yellow roses and a kiss from South Campus Provost Dr. Mont Smith at the dedication of the Student Services Building. Visible above their heads is part of Gillespie's 32-panel 1998 work Symphony in Color, one of several of her works on South Campus. Others include Royal Crest, which is inside building 69; Colored Clouds and Ribboned Currents, located outside the teleconference center; and Celestial Arrangement, also found inside the...
Show moreAcclaimed artist Dorothy Gillespie receives a bouquet of yellow roses and a kiss from South Campus Provost Dr. Mont Smith at the dedication of the Student Services Building. Visible above their heads is part of Gillespie's 32-panel 1998 work Symphony in Color, one of several of her works on South Campus. Others include Royal Crest, which is inside building 69; Colored Clouds and Ribboned Currents, located outside the teleconference center; and Celestial Arrangement, also found inside the Student Services Building.
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Date Issued
1999
Identifier
BC389, 76
Format
Image (JPEG2000)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC389
Accommodations were cramped at the temporary site
Title
Accommodations were cramped at the temporary site.
Name/Creator
Thuma, Cynthia
Abstract/Description
Accommodations were cramped at the temporary site and students had to do their eating and studying outside.
Date Issued
1963
Identifier
BC274, 11B
Format
Image (JPEG2000)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC274
Action On BJC Job Due
Title
Action On BJC Job Due.
Abstract/Description
Advisory board of the BJC may begin to screen applicants for new junior college president.
Date Issued
1965-11-21
Identifier
BC2275
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC2275
Aerospace Seminar Hosted By BJC; Choristers Will Present Concert
Title
Aerospace Seminar Hosted By BJC; Choristers Will Present Concert.
Abstract/Description
BJC to host aerospace conference, presenters include TWA Twins Jan and Jeri Gottlob; JCBC Choristers to present concert.
Date Issued
1967-03-31
Identifier
BC3017
Format
Image (JPEG)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC3017
African Mask
Title
African Mask.
Abstract/Description
This is a Songye mask. The Songye people live in Democratic Republic of Congo. They are a relatively small tribe with a central chief and many secret societies. This mask or kifewebe, as masks are called in the Songye language, is of a male figure. This is determined by the center crest on its head. It represents a spirit and bears striations which is one of the chief differentiators of Songye masks. A mask like this would have been used by the kifewebe society to ward off evil, avert...
Show moreThis is a Songye mask. The Songye people live in Democratic Republic of Congo. They are a relatively small tribe with a central chief and many secret societies. This mask or kifewebe, as masks are called in the Songye language, is of a male figure. This is determined by the center crest on its head. It represents a spirit and bears striations which is one of the chief differentiators of Songye masks. A mask like this would have been used by the kifewebe society to ward off evil, avert disaster and heal the sick. When worn in dances, it serves the dancer for its connotation of aggression to help the chief maintain order and control. This mask is believed to embody supernatural forces and the magic it carries is decided by the size of its crest. The white color of the striations symbolizes peace and purity while the red could mean any of danger, fire, blood, evil, courage or fortitude. Songye masks are easily identified by their striations and their shapes. The eyes, noses and mouths are carved in high relief. Often, the lips form star-shaped puckers to give the masks the impression of whistling or pouting.
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Identifier
BC004, 2014
Format
Image (JPEG2000)
PURL
http://purl.flvc.org/broward/fd/BC004

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